Family Nurse Practitioner Exam

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with a higher risk of osteopenia?

1. Excessive alcohol intake

2. Estrogen and progesterone deficiency

3. Asian or Caucasian ancestry

4. Older age

The correct answer is: Estrogen and progesterone deficiency

Estrogen and progesterone deficiency is indeed a significant factor contributing to the development of osteopenia, particularly in postmenopausal women. These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining bone density; their deficiency can lead to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation, resulting in a higher risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. In contrast, excessive alcohol intake is linked to bone health issues, as it can interfere with the body's ability to absorb calcium and may affect hormone levels that are important for bone health. Similarly, both Asian and Caucasian ancestries have been associated with higher risks of lower bone density due to genetic and lifestyle factors. Older age is also a well-established risk factor for osteopenia as bone density naturally decreases with age. Therefore, the protective role of estrogen and progesterone in maintaining bone density makes it clear why deficiency in these hormones is associated with an increased risk rather than being a factor not associated with higher risk.